经济学人：我真的不是差生：3000万专科生的选择

作者：经济学人        来源：一天一篇外刊             

ON THE BANKS of the Fuchun river in Zhejiang, an eastern province, the youngsters who will power China’s future are at work. At Hangzhou Technician Institute, more than 6,000 students aged between 14 and 20 are learning how to operate drones, manufacture rare-earth magnets, and maintain electric vehicles and industrial robots. Every year Shao Weijun, its boss, asks more than 600 Chinese firms to forecast their demand for different skills; their answers alter what courses his institute chooses to run. He says almost all his students leave with good jobs.

在浙江省富春江畔，一批支撑未来发展的青年正在刻苦提升技能。在杭州技师学院，六千余名十四至二十岁的学生正在学习如何操作无人机、制造稀土磁体、以及维护电动汽车和工业机器人。每年，学院负责人邵伟军都会向六百多家企业询问它们来年最需要哪些技能，并据此调整课程设置。这些回答会直接决定学院下一步开设哪些课程。据他介绍，杭州技师学院毕业生的就业率极高，大多数学生都能进入满意的岗位。

China is in the midst of a big push for more and better practical training. Around 34m young people are studying in China’s vocational-education system. These include teenagers in vocational-track high schools, as well as students in post-secondary colleges that operate in parallel to universities. Yet as in many other countries, China’s vocational classrooms suffer from being seen as a sink for unserious students. Learners and parents often see vocational institutions as underfunded and badly run. In many cases they are correct.

中国正大力提升职业教育的规模和质量。全国约有 3,400 万学生正在接受职业教育。这其中既包括就读职业高中的青少年，也包括就读于高职院校的学生，这些高职院校与普通本科同属高等教育体系，但侧重职业技能培养。和许多国家一样，职业教育长期长期背负着偏见。大家普遍认为这里是“差生收容所”。许多学生和家长还觉得这里经费不足、管理薄弱。大部分情况下，这些口碑并非空穴来风。

In 2022 China revised its law on vocational education, describing practical qualifications as “equally important” as academic ones. In December 2024 the education ministry announced it was creating 40 new vocational courses for learners at various levels, many relating to whizzy industries such as AI and biomedicine. And in June this year the government launched a campaign to improve the skills of 30m more workers by 2027, particularly those “urgently needed for industrial development” in fields such as deep-sea technology and the “low-altitude economy” (drones, flying taxis and the like).

2022 年，中国修订了职业教育法，明确了把职业技能资格与学术学历视为同样重要。。2024 年 12 月，教育部又宣布面向不同层次的学习者新增 40 个职业课程，其中许多涉及人工智能、生物医药等前沿产业。今年 6 月，启动了一项新的技能提升计划，目标是在 2027 年前再培训 3,000 万名劳动者，重点面向那些“产业发展急需”的领域，例如深海技术以及所谓的“低空经济”（包括无人机、飞行出租车等）。

A long-term goal for China, as for many other countries, is to lower barriers that keep academic and vocational pathways firmly distinct. Doing this would make it easier for learners to move from one track to the other, or indeed to acquire qualifications that blend elements of both. Chinese officials have increasingly encouraged the creation of application-orientated bachelor’s degrees at lower-tier universities, says Gerard Postiglione, an emeritus professor of education at the University of Hong Kong. And more colleges that were once purely vocational are now being allowed to offer some bachelor’s degrees.

和许多国家一样，东大的长期目标是打破学术教育与职业教育之间的壁垒。这样做可以让学生更容易在两条教育路径之间流动，或者获得兼具两者特点的复合型资格。来自香港大学的荣休教授包嘉良（Gerard Postiglione）指出，中国正逐步推动低层次大学设立更多应用型本科课程。同时，过去主要以职业教育为主的院校，也开始获准开设部分本科专业。

作者：经济学人        来源：一天一篇外刊