INTER-ERO CONFLICT: KIA and TNLA trying to thrash out differences to avert head on military conflict

ero内部冲突：克钦独立军和TNLA试图解决分歧以避免正面的军事冲突

作者：Sai Wansai         来源：掸邦先驱新闻社

TNLA leaders. TNLA领导人。

A few days ago, Lt. General Gun Maw, Deputy-Chairman (1) of Kachin Independence Council (KIC), made known to the public through his Facebook portal that the negotiation has started between the two ethnic resistance organizations (EROs), the Palaung State Liberation Front/Ta’ang National Liberation Army (PSLF/TNLA) and Kachin Independence Organization/Kachin Independence Army (KIO/KIA) to iron out the constant frictions and conflict that occurred in the aftermath of the Operation 1027, due to territorial ownership dispute and demarcation.

几天前，克钦独立委员会（KIC）副主席Gun Maw中将通过其Facebook门户网站向公众宣布，两个民族抵抗组织（EROs），即帕朗邦解放阵线/塔昂民族解放军（PSLF/TNLA）和克钦独立组织/克钦独立军（KIO/KIA）之间的谈判已经开始，以解决1027行动后发生的持续摩擦和冲突。由于领土所有权纠纷和划界。

About a month so back, Gun Maw revealed that the local people’s consent in northern Shan State, around northern Shan State, will be asked to find out their opinion and resolve the problem.

大约一个月后，Gun Maw透露，在掸邦北部当地人民的同意下，围绕掸邦北部，将询问他们的意见并解决问题。

The present move may be part of the plan to find a common solution for all concerned.

目前的行动可能是为所有有关各方寻找共同解决方案的计划的一部分。

As it is the forerunner teams on both sides are said to be meeting in preparation for further future negotiations, according to the Kachinwaves report of April 9.

据Kachinwaves 4月9日的报道，双方的先遣团队据说正在会面，为未来的进一步谈判做准备。

The KIO News and Information Department reported that the KIO and PSLF have held preliminary discussions on the location, time, and groups that should be invited for the meeting. A KIO delegation led by Major General Dashie Brangnan visited the PSLF-controlled area and held negotiations at a border location today (April 9), according to the report. KIC Deputy-Chairman Lt. Gen. Gun Maw also posted on his Facebook account that “preliminary negotiations for the KIO-PSLF talks have begun.” There has been no announcement from the PSLF yet.

克钦独立组织新闻和信息部报道，克钦独立组织和民族解放阵线已经就会议的地点、时间和应邀请的团体进行了初步讨论。据报导，由布兰南少将率领的克钦独立组织代表团今日（四月九日）访问了“克钦独立部队”控制区，并在边境地点举行了谈判。KIC副会长金莫（音）也在脸书上表示：“KIC与pslf的初步谈判已经开始。”PSLF还没有发表任何声明。

KIO meet the people KIO会见人民

It is learned that the M?ng Mit Sinlee Kachin Sub-State Advisory Group in northern Shan State held a meeting with local residents recently.

据了解，近日，掸邦北部M?ng的米特辛里克钦次邦咨询小组与当地居民举行了会议。

“On April 8, the M?ng Mit Sinlee Kachin Sub-State Advisory Group met with some of our residents. During the meeting, they explained the current issues with the TNLA, the latest situation regarding the territorial disputes, and that they were preparing to hold an official meeting with officials from the KIA and TNLA. The main thing was to be patient,” a man who attended the meeting told Kachin Sub-State Media (KSSM) today.

“4月8日，M?ng Sinlee Kachin次邦咨询小组会见了我们的一些居民。在会谈中，他们解释了目前与克钦独立军和TNLA的问题，领土争端的最新情况，并说他们准备与克钦独立军和TNLA的官员举行正式会议。最重要的是要有耐心。”一位参加会议的人今天对克钦邦邦媒体说。

The M?ng Mit Sinlee Kachin Sub-State Advisory Group was selected by the KIA Southern Central Committee, and it is hoped that the people will present their proposals and hand over responsibility to those elected by the people in the future, the source added.

该消息人士还补充说：“M?ng米特辛里克钦次邦咨询小组是由克钦独立军南部中央委员会选出的，希望今后由人民提出建议，并将责任移交给人民选出的人。”

This is the first time that the M?ng Mit Sinlee Kachin Sub-State Consultative Group has met with the Kachin people of northern Shan State, and the meeting was held somewhere in northern Shan State, on the China-Myanmar border, according to a young political activist.

据一位年轻的政治活动人士介绍，这是M?ng米特辛里克钦次国家协商小组第一次与掸邦北部的克钦人会面，会议在掸邦北部的某个地方举行，位于中缅边境。

TNLA harassment of the KIA

TNLA骚扰克钦独立军

From early January 2025 to March 23, 2025, TNLA forces have seized (10) camps under military pressure, including the KIO/KIA Kutkai Liaison Office under the Southern Military Command of the KIO government in northern Shan State, and there have been (3) incidents and locations where the TNLA forces have taken down the Kachin national flag. Due to the territorial dispute between the TNLA and KIA in northern Shan State, TNLA soldiers have been repeatedly besieging, beating, arresting and expelling KIA soldiers. After reports emerged that the KIO government would gather the views of the people in northern Shan State, the TNLA forces have been making more military preparations, and local residents are worried that clashes between the KIA and the TNLA will begin.

从2025年1月初到2025年3月23日，TNLA部队在军事压力下占领了10个营地，包括克钦独立军/克钦独立军在掸邦北部克钦独立军政府南部军事指挥部下的库特凯联络处，TNLA部队在3个事件和地点取下了克钦国旗。由于过渡民族解放军和克钦独立军在掸邦北部的领土争端，过渡民族解放军士兵一再包围、殴打、逮捕和驱逐克钦独立军士兵。在克钦独立军政府将收集掸邦北部人民意见的报道出现后，TNLA部队一直在做更多的军事准备，当地居民担心克钦独立军和TNLA之间的冲突将开始。

According to KSSM report of April 6, the TNLA has reportedly held a meeting to expel all Shan State Progress Party (SSPP) and KIA camps in M?ng Mit Township, M?ng Mit District, northern Shan State. “ On April 5, 2025, a TNLA brigade (3) in M?ng Mit met and discussed the withdrawal of all major SSPP and KIA camps,” a TNLA soldier in M?ng Mit told KSSM.

据KSSM 4月6日的报道，据报道，TNLA举行了一次会议，驱逐掸邦北部M?ng米特镇M?ng米特区所有掸邦进步党和克钦独立军营地。“2025年4月5日，在M?ng Mit的TNLA一个旅会面并讨论了所有主要的SSPP和KIA营地的撤离，”M?ng Mit的一名TNLA士兵告诉KSSM。

A M?ng Mit resident also reported that the TNLA will not allow other armed groups to stay in the areas they control.

一名M?ng Mit居民还报告说，TNLA不会允许其他武装团体留在他们控制的地区。

The territorial dispute between the Northern Alliance groups must be resolved through dialogue at the relevant central levels as soon as possible, otherwise a clash between EROs favored by the military council could erupt, a CDM major suggested.

CDM的一位负责人表示：“北联各派系之间的领土争议问题，必须尽快通过中央相关部门的对话解决，否则有可能发生军事委员会所支持的EROs之间的冲突。”

The KSSM has not yet confirmed the TNLA meeting in M?ng Mit yesterday and is still investigating.

KSSM还没有确认昨天在M?ng Mit举行的TNLA会议，目前还在进行调查。

Similarly, following reports that MNDAA troops were withdrawing from Lashio, a local resident of Enai village said that Kokang troops arrived at the TNLA troops’ location near Enai village on the Lashio-Namtu road in the morning of April 3, causing clashes.

同样，在有报道说民族解放阵线部队从腊戍撤退后，Enai村的一名当地居民说，果敢部队于4月3日上午抵达位于Lashio- namtu公路上Enai村附近的TNLA部队驻地，引发冲突。

MNDAA friction with KIA MNDAA与KIA的摩擦

It is learned that the KIA troops who were providing security on the road to Na Ti village on the Hsenwi-Laukkai road in Hsenwi Township, northern Shan State, were ordered to withdraw by the Kokang or Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA), according to KSSM on April 1.

据KSSM 4月1日报道，在掸邦北部Hsenwi镇Hsenwi- laukkai公路上通往Na Ti村的道路上提供安全保障的克钦独立军部队接到果敢或缅甸民族民主联盟军（MNDAA）的命令撤离。

“Today (April 1, 2025) at (11:30 am), some KIO government officials were present in our village, so some KIA soldiers were assigned to provide security on the village road. The Kokang MNDAA side also responded to this by saying that their officials were also on a trip. This is their place. They immediately ordered the KIA soldiers who were providing security to withdraw. After (12) hours, both groups returned to their places. Now, things are back to normal,” a local man from Na Ti told KSSM.

“今天（2025年4月1日）上午11:30，一些克钦独立军政府官员出现在我们村，所以一些克钦独立军士兵被派往村庄道路上提供安全保障。果敢MNDAA方面也回应说，他们的官员也在旅行中。这是他们的地盘。他们立即命令提供安全保障的克钦独立军士兵撤离。12小时后，两组人回到各自的位置。现在，一切都恢复正常了，”一位来自纳提的当地男子告诉KSSM。

Similarly, at 11:20 am. this morning, TNLA police officers stopped MNDAA troops from collecting donations for earthquake victims in Kutkai, and a fight broke out between the two forces, according to local residents, resulting in some TNLA police officers suffering serious injuries, with injuries to their heads.

同样，在上午11点20分。据当地居民说，今天上午，TNLA警察阻止MNDAA部队为Kutkai的地震受害者收集捐款，两支部队之间爆发了一场战斗，导致一些TNLA警察严重受伤，头部受伤。

In northern Shan State, the military council that has been illegally seizing power and committing war crimes in Hsenwi Township, Kutkai Township, Mantong Township, M?ng Mit Township, and Namkham Township has been frequently involved in territorial disputes between the Northern Alliance forces.

在掸邦北部，非法夺取政权并在Hsenwi乡、Kutkai乡、Mantong乡、M?ng Mit乡和Namkham乡犯下战争罪行的军事委员会经常卷入北方联盟部队之间的领土争端。

KIA leaders. 克钦独立军领导人。

Historical Backdrop of Kachin Sub State

克钦邦的历史背景

According to Sai Kham Mong, “Kachin sub-state in northern Shan State was officially approved by Shan State government after independence. Although Shan, Palaung, local Chinese and Kachin can be found in Kutkai area, Kachin is the majority group in that area. The Kachin people are originated from Kachin State which was formed in 1948 by merging the districts of Bhamo and Myitkyina in northern Burma. There are many Kachin settlements in northern Shan State particularly in the Myanmar-China frontier areas of North Hsenwi, M?ng Mit and Tawgpeng States, providing the rationale for forming a Kachin sub-state. In 1947, the Kachin elders in the areas requested the Frontier Administration for creation of a Kachin sub-state for the following reasons.”

根据赛康孟的说法，“掸邦北部的克钦邦在独立后被掸邦政府正式批准。虽然在库特凯地区可以找到掸族、帕朗族、当地华人和克钦族，但克钦族是该地区的多数群体。克钦人起源于1948年由缅甸北部的巴莫和密支那地区合并而成的克钦邦。掸邦北部有许多克钦人定居点，特别是在缅中边境的北申威、M?ng米特和陶彭邦，这为组建克钦次邦提供了理由。1947年，该地区的克钦长老要求边境管理局建立一个克钦次邦，理由如下。”

To have a Kachin Minister representative for the Frontier Areas Administration

在边境地区管理局设立克钦部长代表

Kachin language to be used as official in the area

克钦语将被用作该地区的官方语言

Kachin Customary Law be applied in the area

在该地区适用克钦习惯法

Right to correspond directly with the Minister for Frontier Areas Administration or the Counselor and

有权直接与边区管理部长或参赞通信

Right to elect the Kachin representative in the election on population basis.

在人口选举中选举克钦族代表的权利。

“Kachin sub-state came into existence by the notification of the Shan State government issued on 6 July 1948. The newly formed part of the State of North Hsenwi would be called “North Hsenwi Kachin Sub-State”. The administrative headquarter of the sub-state was located at Kutkai under an Assistant Resident with Councilors and elders of the sub-state.”

“克钦邦是根据掸邦政府1948年7月6日发布的通知成立的。新成立的北赫威克钦邦的一部分将被称为“北赫威克钦邦”。亚邦的行政总部位于库特凯，由一名助理居民与亚邦的议员和长老领导。”

“However, this Kachin sub-state administrative system was dismantled by Ne Win in the 1970s. Although Kachin sub-state is no longer in existence today, many Kachin population continue to live in northern Shan State especially in the Kutkai area.”

“然而，这个克钦邦的次邦行政系统在20世纪70年代被奈温拆除。虽然克钦邦今天已不复存在，但许多克钦人继续生活在掸邦北部，特别是在库特凯地区。”

Sai Kham Mong earned an M.A. in history from the University of Mandalay and was a lecturer for many years in the departments of history in Mandalay and Yangon Universities. He specializes in the history of the Shan in Myanmar.

赛康在曼德勒大学获得历史学硕士学位，并在曼德勒大学和仰光大学历史系担任讲师多年。他专门研究缅甸掸族的历史。

Analysis 分析

Looking at the present ERO conflict in northern Shan State, involving mainly between the TNLA and KIA and to a lesser extent, the SSPP and MNDAA, including frictions among each other, the lack of historical background knowledge may be one of the main factor.

看看目前掸邦北部的埃洛派冲突，主要涉及TNLA和克钦独立军之间的冲突，以及较小程度上涉及SSPP和MNDAA之间的冲突，包括彼此之间的摩擦，缺乏历史背景知识可能是主要因素之一。

This leads to the false and wrong mindset attitude opting for confrontation, rather than handling the conflict within the mold of political dialogue and negotiated settlement.

这导致了错误的思维态度，选择对抗，而不是在政治对话和谈判解决的模式下处理冲突。

Perhaps, lacking broad worldly vision of some stakeholders may also be the case.

也许，一些利益相关者缺乏广阔的世界视野也可能是这种情况。

Thus, all parties should indulge in some theoretical thinking on how they should go about to avoid inter-ethnic conflict among various multi-ethnic groups within northern Shan State and beyond.

因此，所有各方都应该进行一些理论上的思考，考虑如何着手避免掸邦北部和其他地区各多民族群体之间的种族间冲突。

Firstly, the EROs’ mindset need to be free of narrow, aggressive, ethno-nationalism and racial supremacy doctrine, including “might is right” and territorial expansionism urge, at expense of the local population.

首先，EROs的思维需要摆脱狭隘的、侵略性的、民族民族主义的和种族至上主义的教条，包括“强权即公理”和以牺牲当地居民为代价的领土扩张主义冲动。

They wouldn’t like to act like warmongers on their own ethnic brethren to take away their rights of sovereignty and self-determination and equally, they shouldn’t behave like the Bamar military dictatorship implementing racial supremacy doctrine which they also hated to the core and professed to be fighting against it. Otherwise, what is the use of fighting for their rights if they can’t be noble and different than their oppressors?

他们不会像战争贩子一样对待自己的民族兄弟，剥夺他们的主权和自决权，他们不应该像缅甸军事独裁那样实施种族至上主义，他们也深恶痛绝，并声称要与之斗争。否则，如果他们不能与压迫者高尚、不同，那么为自己的权利而战又有什么用呢？

Secondly, they should accept new political mapping in the aftermath of military junta disappearance is a necessity. As such, all have to play by the rules. Chief among them is to agree upon the criteria of new federal constituent units creation according to the agreed constitutional guidelines and agreement, which is to be worked out together among them. Patience is the name of the game and all know, they need to push out the military dictatorship system first before they can embark wholeheartedly to transform the political system and societies, according to their aspirations.

其次，他们应该承认，在军政府消失之后，新的政治版图是必要的。因此，所有人都必须按规则行事。其中最主要的是根据商定的宪法指导方针和协议，商定新的联邦组成单位的标准，这将在他们之间共同制定。耐心是游戏的名字，所有人都知道，他们需要首先推翻军事独裁制度，然后才能全心全意地根据他们的愿望开始改革政治制度和社会。

Thirdly, during the transitional and transformation revolutionary period, all EROs and anti-junta ethnic-democratic forces should take the local people’s needs and values into account earnestly and work with them hand-in-hand as partners and not as master or overlord, to implement the bottom up democracy and federalization. After all, the people are the real owner of the sovereignty and not any armed groups, including Myanmar Army.

第三，在转型革命时期，各民族民主力量应认真考虑当地人民的需求和价值观，以伙伴的身份携手合作，而不是以主人或霸主的身份，实现自下而上的民主和联邦化。毕竟，人民才是主权的真正主人，而不是包括缅甸军队在内的任何武装组织。

It will do good to all, especially the KIA, TNLA, MNDAA, SSPP, Restoration Council of Shan State (RCSS) and United Wa State Army (UWSA), if they could adhere to the above said principles and guidelines in general, they will be able to resolve the problem and live in harmony. The catchword is to see the bigger picture of harmonious living together, in a “unity in diversity” mode in a collective ownership of the multi-ethnic state.

这对所有人都有好处，特别是克钦独立军、TNLA、MNDAA、SSPP、掸邦恢复委员会（RCSS）和佤联军（UWSA），如果他们能坚持上述原则和指导方针，他们将能够解决问题，和谐相处。口号是在一个多民族国家的集体所有制下，以“多元统一”的模式，看到和谐共处的更大图景。

作者：Sai Wansai         来源：掸邦先驱新闻社